What is Sport-Induced Asthma?

Sport-induced asthma, also called exercise-induced bronchoconstriction (EIB), is a condition where the airways in the lungs temporarily narrow during or after physical activity. This can cause symptoms like coughing, shortness of breath, wheezing, chest tightness, or feeling unusually tired after exercise. EIB is common in people with asthma, but it can also occur in those without a previous asthma diagnosis. It is especially frequent in endurance and winter sports, but can happen with any type of exercise.

Why Does It Happen?

During exercise, breathing faster and deeper can expose the airways to dry or cold air, which may trigger inflammation and narrowing of the airways. Other triggers include air pollution, allergens (like pollen), and chemicals in swimming pools. The exact cause is complex, but these factors can make the airways more sensitive during physical activity.

Symptoms to Watch For

– Coughing, especially after exercise

– Shortness of breath or trouble breathing

– Wheezing (a whistling sound when breathing)

– Chest tightness or pain

– Feeling more tired than expected during or after exercise

How is Sport-Induced Asthma Diagnosed?

Doctors will ask about symptoms and medical history, and may perform tests such as:

– Spirometry (a breathing test)

– Exercise challenge tests (measuring lung function before and after exercise)

– Sometimes, other tests to rule out similar conditions like vocal cord problems or heart issues.

Treatment and Prevention

Medications:

– Short-acting beta-agonists (SABA): These inhalers (like albuterol) are often used 15–30 minutes before exercise to prevent symptoms. They work for about 2–4 hours.

– Inhaled corticosteroids (ICS): Daily use can help control underlying inflammation and reduce EIB over time. ICS are recommended if symptoms are frequent or if SABA is needed more than twice a week.

– Low-dose ICS-formoterol: For some people with mild asthma, using this inhaler as needed (including before exercise) can be as effective as daily ICS plus SABA.

– Leukotriene modifiers: These pills may help some people, especially if symptoms are not controlled with inhalers.

– Other options: Mast cell stabilizers (like cromolyn) can be used before exercise, but are less common and have a short duration of action.

Important Notes:

– Using SABA or LABA inhalers too often can make them less effective over time (tolerance).

– If symptoms are not controlled, or if they get worse, medication may need to be adjusted. Always follow the asthma action plan provided by your healthcare team.

Lifestyle and Behavioral Strategies:

– Warm-up: Doing a proper warm-up before exercise can reduce the risk of symptoms.

– Breathing through the nose or using a face mask: This helps warm and humidify the air before it reaches the lungs, especially in cold weather.

– Avoid triggers: Try to avoid exercising in polluted areas, during high pollen seasons, or in very cold, dry air.

– Swimming: Swimming may be easier for some people with asthma, especially children.

– Regular physical activity: Staying active is important for overall health, and most people with asthma can participate in any sport with proper management.

What Else Should Be Done?

– Learn and practice proper inhaler technique.

– Follow your asthma action plan and have regular check-ups.

– Tell coaches and trainers about your asthma so they can help if symptoms occur.

– Treat other conditions that can make asthma worse, like allergies or acid reflux.

When to Seek Help

Contact your healthcare provider if:

– Symptoms are frequent or severe

– Medication does not seem to help

– You have trouble participating in activities you enjoy

With the right treatment and planning, sport-induced asthma should not prevent anyone from enjoying physical activity or sports.